Criminal Justice Dual Credit Practice Test

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• How is a felony defined in relation to a misdemeanor?
• Indicia is a Latin term meaning which of the following?
• In civil cases, who files the claim?
• Which model emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders?
• Which term specifically refers to the mental element of a crime?
• Why do people become violent according to proponents of biological theory?
• What term refers to acts that are crimes because the legislature has designated them as crimes, not because they are inherently wrong?
• Because of ________, police officers are limited in what they can do to convince the target of an undercover operation to participate in an illegal activity.
• What is an indictment?
• Which scenario best illustrates actus reus?
• Which Amendment prohibits 'excessive bail'?
• In 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to sentence juveniles to the death penalty.
• Part I Crimes are also referred to as __________ and include murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny, and _________.
• What is the first stage of the juvenile pretrial procedures?
• Which statement best contrasts reasonable doubt with probable cause?
• What is the difference between delinquency and criminal in the juvenile justice system?
• Fraud is an example of which crime category?
• What does the Kumho standard address?
• Which Latin term refers to the right to represent oneself in court?
• What is a warrant?
• Which statement is included in standard Miranda warnings?
• The National Victimization Survey is an example of what type of crime measurement resource?
• In juvenile court, the stage where evidence is presented to determine if charges are sustained is called:
• What are two major sources of crime statistics?
• What does the Exclusionary Rule do?
• Which perspective emphasizes due process and limits on police power?
• What is the greatest deterrent to crime, according to the choice theory?
• Which statement about negligence is correct?
• Indicia is a Latin term meaning which of the following?
• Restitution is punishment requiring an offender to repay the victim with services or money, and may be imposed instead of or in addition to other punishments.
• What is the primary role of the jury in a trial under the Sixth Amendment?
• In school settings, the standard permitting searches with reasonable suspicion is known as what?
• True or False: Most reported crimes occur during the warm summer months of July and August.
• What is 'double jeopardy' and its constitutional protection?
• For the U.S. Supreme Court to review a case, __________ justices must vote to approve hearing the case.
• Which case established that a person in custody must be warned of certain rights before any questioning by law enforcement officials occurs?
• Explain the purpose of a grand jury and indictment.
• Which of the following is NOT a lawful way for police to contact citizens?
• Which stage in the juvenile court is similar to the trial stage in the adult court?
• Actus reus is a Latin term referring to which element of a crime?
• What Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is addressed in Gideon v. Wainwright?
• Which concept is best described as the proof that a crime occurred, independent of guilt?
• Which theory holds that crime is a function of conflict between goals of the lower class and what they can realistically hope to achieve?
• Which doctrine requires courts to adhere to earlier rulings in similar fact patterns?
• What is a plea bargain and what are its consequences?
• Which statement describes the admissibility standards for expert witnesses?
• What is 'exclusive jurisdiction' and 'concurrent jurisdiction' in the U.S. court system?
• Juvenile court uses the same procedures as adult courts.
• A(n) __________ jury is one in which the jury members are so irreconcilably divided in their opinions that they cannot reach a verdict.
• What is the overarching goal of criminal procedure within the justice system?
• If a grand jury finds probable cause, what does it issue?
• In the context of corrections, which factor has been a notable driver of increased prison construction in recent decades?
• What is the primary aim of restorative justice?
• Which term describes the physical act of committing a crime?
• What best describes restorative justice?
• An arrest warrant generally authorizes the arrest of a person:
• Corpus delicti means which of the following?
• What term describes serving a sentence in the community under strict supervision to avoid jail time?
• Violations of parole conditions (other than an arrest for a criminal offense) are referred to as __________.
• Which perspective of justice would strongly favor the use of the death penalty?
• Facts and circumstances that lead to a reasonable belief that items sought are located in a place, or that a crime has been committed, are described by which term?
• Which data source primarily provides counts of crimes known to the police and arrests, forming the basis of official crime statistics?
• During the __________, the felony defendant is formally accused of a crime and is called to enter a plea.
• The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution primarily protects individuals from which?
• In a correctional setting, contraband typically includes which of the following?
• The philosophy of juvenile court is called __________.
• Which statement correctly defines direct and circumstantial evidence?
• Parole is perceived as an extension of which component of the system?
• What is the role of the prosecutor in the criminal justice system?
• When must Miranda rights be administered?
• A frisk is primarily conducted to detect what?
• Probation is ordered by the __________, while parole is perceived as an extension of the __________.
• Which statement best describes actus reus?
• Early prisons observed inmates working together in silence in a large room; which system does this design indicate?
• What architectural design would be referred to as the "new generation" jail?
• Which term describes the process of protecting individual rights against state power?
• Which writ is primarily used to obtain Supreme Court review of a lower court decision?
• The landmark case granting juveniles rights such as notice of charges, the right to an attorney, and the right to confront witnesses was:
• How is effective assistance of counsel evaluated?
• What is 'cybercrime' and provide an example of a modern cybercrime.
• What is a writ of Habeas Corpus?
• What is the burden of proof in a criminal trial?
• The act of using force or fear to take someone else’s property is a crime against which categories?
• An offender is sentenced to serve three years on burglary and three years on theft. If the sentences are ordered to run consecutively, how many years will be served?
• What is true regarding the growing population of prisoners who are 55 years of age or older?
• Which statement best describes speedy trial rights?
• What is the difference between a trial by jury and a bench trial?
• The philosophy of the juvenile court, which holds that the state may act as guardian for the child, is called:
• What is a key difference between probation and parole?
• Which standard of proof applies in civil cases?
• Which statement best describes the standard of proof in criminal cases?
• _________ are generally more serious than __________, but less serious than __________
• Which term refers to obvious signs at a crime scene connecting to the crime?
• What is the basic trial process sequence from arraignment to verdict?
• Which stage involves initial processing of a juvenile before formal court proceedings?
• Which is NOT one of the three main components of the U.S. criminal justice system?
• What term describes the process of questioning prospective jurors to determine qualifications and desirability for serving on a jury?
• Which document is typically issued by a court to authorize a search of a person, property, or location?
• What does concurrence require in criminal law?
• In the context of choice theory, which action most directly represents deterrence through punishment?
• Which goal focuses on discouraging criminal activity by making punishment appear certain and swift?
• What is Lex talionis?
• Which term describes a facility where residents have limited contact with the outside world and participate in a regimented daily life under strict supervision?
• Which mental state element must be present for a crime to be committed?
• Which option best captures the essence of a crime?
• Duress as a criminal defense is typically valid when:
• The formal charge against a juvenile in juvenile court is called a(n) __________.
• What term describes the process in which the defense and prosecution negotiate charges, possibly dropping or reducing charges in exchange for a guilty plea on other charges?
• Which term describes the breakdown of social institutions in a community that can lead to higher crime rates?
• Insanity defense evaluation:
• Which of the following is an example of an inchoate crime?
• Which of the following is not a Part I Crime?
• Which Amendment prohibits excessive bail?
• What is the Latin term for the law of retaliation?
• Which term describes the formal outcome decided by the jury?
• The right to a speedy trial is associated with which amendment?
• Gresham Sykes identified several pains or deprivations of imprisonment. Which of the following are included?
• Which term is Latin for the body of the crime?
• Which Amendment guarantees that a person cannot be compelled to testify against themselves?
• Entrapment is a defense when:
• Carrol v. U.S. involved what type of search?
• Which of the following is a common hearsay exception?
• Which theory describes crime as resulting from a lack of self-control?
• What are the three primary components of the U.S. criminal justice system?
• A recent trend in juvenile justice is
• The social process theory of crime causation presumes which of the following?
• Which term describes the negotiation between defense and prosecution that may involve dropping charges or leniency in exchange for a guilty plea on another charge?
• The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case granting juveniles rights such as notice of charges and the right to confront witnesses is known as
• In jail design, what is the term for small, self-contained living units used to separate inmates within a larger facility?
• According to the hedonistic calculus principle stated by Jeremy Bentham, what happens if punishment is not certain?
• The sentencing stage in the juvenile court process is called:
• Which option describes the 'guilty act' component of a crime?
• Under the Fourth Amendment, what standard is typically required to justify a warrant?
• Which statement about expert witnesses is false?
• What is the primary purpose of Supermax prisons?
• Entrapment occurs when
• Which scenario illustrates exigent circumstances?
• The statement 'The number of males sentenced to jail is growing much faster than the number of females sentenced to jail' is true or false?
• The major goals of the criminal justice system and prisons include which of the following sets?
• Which of the following is an example of a white-collar crime?
• Which of the following is true about indictments?
• Which is an exception to the Exclusionary Rule?
• Which model is principally concerned with preventing crime by increasing the likelihood of punishment and its swiftness?
• Broken windows theory posits that signs of urban decay signal not being monitored, encouraging more destructive criminal behavior. Which statement best captures this idea?
• Which of the following is NOT typically considered a cybercrime?
• Which statement describes the limits of self-defense?
• What occurs at an arraignment?
• Which agency is responsible for the operation of the National Crime Information Center?
• What is the purpose of recidivism studies in corrections policy?
• Which term describes a juvenile offense that is illegal only because the offender is a minor?
• Which case halted the death penalty due to arbitrary, capricious, and discriminatory application?
• Generally, which state is credited with establishing the first juvenile court?
• Which of the following is a recognized hearsay exception?
• Which amendment contains the due process clause that prohibits denying life, liberty, or property without due process?
• What is the name of the hearing in juvenile court that determines whether there is sufficient evidence to support the initial petition?
• Name and describe two types of criminal defenses: 'alibi' and 'mistake of fact'.
• The due process clause of the ________ Amendment specifies that states may not deny life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
• If crime rates were spread evenly across the social structure, crime would probably not be linked to what?
• The majority of women in prison or jail are there for nonviolent drug and property crimes.
• What does the doctrine of stare decisis mean?
• Which concept describes individuals adopting criminal behavior through observing and imitating others?
• What does the Fourth Amendment primarily protect against?
• During the __________, the defendant appears before a judge or magistrate, who decides whether the evidence presented is sufficient for the case to proceed to trial.
• Which Latin term translates to 'body of crime'?
• An offender sentenced to 25 years to life for a third 'strike' offense. Which Amendment is relevant to the offender's claim?
• A crime may be defined as
• Define 'negligence' vs 'intent' as states of mind in criminal law.
• Which writ challenges the lawfulness of custody or detention and requires the detainee to be brought before a court?
• An item whose possession is illegal or violates prison rules is known as
• What is the formal decision rendered by the jury?
• In the context of crime causation, which theory emphasizes that crime results from the social structure and unequal access to resources?
• Which group has been most affected by the expansion of corrections?
• Which Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures?
• In Fourth Amendment practice, probable cause is the standard required for:
• The majority of women who are in prison or jail are there for __________.
• In some cases, a lower threshold than probable cause may justify a limited search. What is this lower standard called?
• What is a juvenile status offense and give an example.
• Which field is most concerned with the study of the causal explanations of crime?
• The right to a speedy trial is embodied in the ________ Amendment.
• From 1991 to 2009, there was a steady decrease in crime.
• What is the term for the court order that directs authorities to bring a detainee before a judge to assess legality of detention?
• A legal motion requesting the disclosure of information held by the opposing counsel and intended for use in the forthcoming trial.
• Which crime measurement resource uses victim surveys to estimate crime incidence, including unreported crimes?
• In which case did the Court hold that peremptory challenges based solely on race violate the U.S. Constitution?
• Which of the following describes civil law?
• Corpus delicti is a Latin term meaning which of the following?
• In T.L.O. v. New Jersey, the Supreme Court decided what?
• Which term refers to the 'guilty mind' in criminal law?
• Which term best describes an information center operated by the FBI that centralizes criminal justice information?
• What is chain of custody and why is it important for evidence?
• What is the main thesis of the social structure theory of crime causation?
• How does risk assessment influence sentencing and rehabilitation?
• What distinguishes arrest from detention?
• The General Theory of Crime argues that which trait is the key predictor of criminality?
• Which statement best captures the primary rationale for punishment in the Classical School?
• Explain 'white-collar crime' with an example.
• What is the stage called when a higher court reviews a lower court's decision?
• Which stage is designed to determine if there is enough evidence to move to trial?
• The __________ function of the court is concerned with protecting the rights of individual citizens against the power of the state.
• How many Justices sit on the U.S. Supreme Court?
• Which of the following describes an inchoate crime?
• Approximately 46% of violent crimes are not reported to police. This dark figure of crime is most likely revealed by which data source?
• Criminal procedure is the formal process by which a person is charged, tried, and punished; it is connected to due process by guaranteeing:
• ________ is a court issued writ authorizing a law enforcement to search a person, personal property, or a place?
• A listed similarity between the adult justice system and the juvenile justice system is the standard of proof required.
• An action by a law enforcement officer involving patting down or running hands quickly over a person to determine if they have a weapon or contraband is called
• Which religious group pioneered humanistic ideas in America and influenced correctional reform?
• Which facility is often cited as the first U.S. penitentiary?
• What is the key standard behind issuing a search warrant?
• Which Amendment provides that the accused has the right to Assistance of Counsel for his defense?
• Probable cause vs reasonable suspicion: Which best describes probable cause?
• Which philosophical ideal is at the heart of the Classical School?
• A scenario where an airline pilot knowingly allows a flight attendant to transport drugs in exchange for sexual favors demonstrates which mental state?
• The Just Desserts model asserts punishment is justified for what reason?
• Which statement best describes a search incident to arrest?
• What term describes an enclosed facility separated from society where inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives?
• In juvenile justice, which statement is true about processing delinquency?
• Under the Fourth Amendment, when a law enforcement officer is pursuing a fleeing suspect, deadly force may be used only to prevent escape if the officer has probable cause to believe the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious bodily injury to the officer or others. Which case established this rule?
• For the last 25 years, many states have built new prisons to house their most dangerous inmates. These facilities have been called what prisons?
• Which describes the three core components of the criminal justice system and their primary functions?
• The act of taking an individual into custody in order to charge them with a crime is called
• What standard must the prosecution meet to convict a defendant in a criminal case?
• A juvenile case involving chronic truancy is an example of which type of offense?
• Which of the following is a case type that falls under exclusive federal jurisdiction?
• What does the Daubert standard focus on?
• Name another commonly recognized exception to the Exclusionary Rule.
• Which legal remedy allows inmates to challenge the legality of their confinement or the conditions of confinement?
• Which example best illustrates mens rea?
• Which statement best describes a Total Institution?
• In a murder trial, which factor can reduce a defendant's sentence to a lower range?
• Define hearsay and its general admissibility in court.
• During which phase does jury selection occur?
• Which writ is used by the U.S. Supreme Court to review lower court decisions and determine which cases to hear?
• What is causation in criminal law?
• What is the Latin term for when a prosecutor dismisses charges?
• Batson v. Kentucky addresses discrimination in jury selection based on race under which constitutional principle?
• Which term describes the action of a higher court reviewing a lower court's ruling?
• Part I Crimes are also known as Index crimes.
• Statutory rape cases primarily hinge on which factor?